Miranda Fricker (2007) argues that people can be wronged specifically as knowers — not just
as people. Explore testimonial and hermeneutical injustice through real-world scenarios.
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Testimonial Injustice
A speaker receives a credibility deficit due to identity prejudice in the hearer. Wronged in the exchange of knowledge.
Cases: The Ignored Warning · The Disbelieved Patient
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Hermeneutical Injustice
A gap in collective interpretive resources prevents understanding one's own experience. Structural, non-agential wrong.
Cases: No Words for the Experience · The Unnamed Condition